Industrial control systems can be categorized in two types: open-loop and closed-loop systems. The open-loop control system is a continuous control system that provides no feedback from its output.

Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical problems such as predicting the result of a football game or the movement of a ...

The Class D amplifier has some added challenges. Real world transistor switching characteristics require that some degree of dead-time is present in each modulation cycle to control the ...